^^'», 










Phrenology Made Easy 



NEW SYSTEM OF MENTAL SCIENCE 



BY 

A., L. FERRY 



^7^ 



(SECOND EDITI02i\ REVISED.) 




CINCINNATI: 
EGBERT CLARKE & CO, 

1886, 



U^^ 






This is really a revised work from a former edition [see 
press notices below], which unfavorable circumstances com- 
pelled the author to complete hastily, and which he after- 
ward found to be unsatisfactory, and consequently suppressed 
it. The system of mental science presented in the two edi- 
tions is the same, the chief diflPerences being slight alterations 
in the method of presentation, and that the substance of 
the first has been explained more in detail in this, and hence 
rendered far more comprehensive to the average reader. 



PRESS NOTICES. 



*'A 'New System of Mental Science,' written and published by Professor 
A. L. Ferry, the author, who is an Emersonian student of ability, gives us 
a new system of Phrenology that is at once ingenious and interesting."— 
Washington Sunday Gazette. 

"A little volume written by A. L. Ferry renders the study of Phrenology 
comparatively easy."— T/ie Capital (Washington). 



Copyrighted, 1885, by A. L. Ferry. 
All rights reserved. 



PREFACE. 



" Multum in parvo!' much in little, is the author's motto in 
the preparation of his work. I have endeavored to present 
in a simple and comprehensive form the underlying principles 
of what may justly be said to be the most accurate system of 
mental science which has yet been presented to the reading 
public or taught by teachers, taking the liberty of introducing 
several new features in the way of grouping and explaining 
the various faculties previously discovered and located in the 
head, and at the same time to present a conception of a har- 
monious development, which my observations have proven to 
me to be the true one, which is also apparently more in ac- 
cord with Nature's universal rule of order, symmetry, and 
balance, than that heretofore advanced. I arrived at this 
conception after years of observation and study toward the 
one particular end, realizing that it is as impossible to teach 
or to arrive at any thing like accurate conclusions in regard to 
character from a study of the head without first having a 
standard of excellence or harmony, as it is to measure grain 
without having a standard bushel measure. I was greatly- 
aided in my studies by two courses of instruction (in 1881 and 
1884) taken in the American Institute of Phrenology in New 
York city ; but I remained as much in the dark, in regard to 
this special point when I graduated as I had been when I en- 
tered, personal observation and study from life having taught 
me that the head presented by them as their ideal did not in 
a number of particulars correspond with the true proportions 
as discovered to accompany a harmonious character. I hope I 
have made the following explanations clear enough to leave 
the impression that there is at least a strong plausibility as to 
the correctness of my assumptions, and if the study of the 
principles hereinafter set forth be followed by careful obser- 
vations with the view of testing the accuracy of my standard, 
I believe that it will be universally indorsed. 

The Author. 



IV 



IDEAL HEAD. 

DEAWIl^G A, 




The above drawing shows the location of the faculties in a 
harmoniously developed head, while Drawing B, on page vi, 
represents the location of the different groups. (See detailed 
explanation of both faculties and groups on pages 19-27, inclu- 
sive.) 

I do not pretend to know the size or shape of the above 
located faculties, but judging from Nature's universal system 
of balance and harmony, the function performed by each faculty 
being indispensable, have considered them of equal size and like 
form. Whether that form is square or round, or star-shaped, 
proving to be so many stars in the firmament of human excel- 
lencies, probably no one knows of any means of determining. 



CONTENTS. 



Dr. Gall, 



CH^I^XEK, I. 

PROGRESSION vs. MENTAL SCIENCE. 

7 1 Mental Science 8 



CH^I^TEIR, II. 

HOW HISTORY PROVES PHRENOLOGY 

Animal and Social Natures 9 

Intellectual Growth 10 

Reason 11 



Birth of Art and Poetry 12 

Ambiti's and Religi's Sentiments. .13 
Present and Future. 14 



CH^T^XER III. 

BENEFITS OF PHRENOLOGY. 

Know Others 15 I Training Children 17 

Choice of Pursuits 16 | Partner for Life. 18 

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES {Perceptives and Memory), 



Memory 22 

Other Aids to Memory 23 



The Senses 19 

Perceptives 20 

Individuality 21 

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES (Reasoning and Semi-intellectual Groups). 

Calculation 24 I Causality, Comparison 26 

Constructiveness 25 | Semi-intellectual Faculties 27 

CK^I^XHlli "VI. 

THE SENTIMENTS. 



Animal 28 

Social.. 29 



Character 31 

Eccentricities 32 

Circumstances 33 



cii:^p»xe:]r t^ii. 

general remarks. 



Knowledge 34 

Second-Hand Knowledge ... 35 

Genius 36 



Deficiencies 37 

Inheritance 38 

Marriage Adaptability 39 



Cli^I^XER, VITI. 

PHRENOLOGY EXPLAINED. 

Standard Head.. 40 

Bumps 41 

Depressions 42 

Hypothesis— Explanation 43 



Phrenology Made Easy 44, 45 

Table of Proportions 46 

More Measurements 47 

Measure of Power 48 



CH^I^TER IX. 

CHART — EXPLANATION. 

Outline of Character 49 1 Chief Difiference— Cause 51 

Health Signs— Male vs. Female — 50 1 Chart 52, 58 

CH^I^XJER X. 

CHARACTER vs. HEALTH— HEALTH vs. FOOD. 

Food not Digested 



Head and Body :54 

What is Health 55 

Vitality 56 

Instinct.. , 57 



58 

Two Aids to Digestion 59 

Nutritive Properties of Food 60 



VI 



IDEAL HEAD. 

DRAWING B. 




The above cut shows the different natures of man, which 
are composed of so many groups of faculties. In the expla- 
nation of these natures, and the faculties which constitute or 
serve them, I employ another group, named the "Semi-Intel- 
lectual" faculties; but as they do not represent a special na- 
ture, merely joining or lying between the "Animal" and the 
four other groups, I omitted it in the above drawing. 

The star in the face represents the fi^e physiognomical 
signs by which to determine health. A careful Phrenologist 
will pay as much attention to health as to shape of head, for 
it is a very essential element in character and abilities. For 
full explanation of these health signs see chapter IX. 



DR. GALL. 



CHAPTER I. 

PEOGRESSION ys. MENTAL SCIEXCE. 

'•Undeveloped intellect, be it that of an individual or that of a race, 
form conclusions which require to be revised and revised before they 
reach a tolerable correspondence with realities." — Herbert Spencer. 

It is now over a century since it was discovered by Dr. 
Gall"^ that certain cranial peculiarities were accompanied by 
certain physical manifestations, which led him to enter deeply 
into a study of human nature, aided by the new method of 
searching for special actions corresponding with cranial de- 
velopment, and cranial development corresponding with 
special actions, thus proving beyond a doubt (what was then 
a much mooted question) that the brain, located in the skull, 
was the seat of the mind, and also that the mind had special 
organs to direct and control certain actions, as independently 
as the different members of the body performed special or 
separate duties. 

Dr. Gall named and located a number of the mental facul- 
ties, describing their corresponding influence in the character, 
which forms the foundation or basis of the present well- 
known system of Phrenology. 

Since Dr. Gall's time many additional discoveries have been 
made by his followers, as well as numerous attempts toward 
the systematic organization of the faculties into groups, and 
the formation of many theories in regard to the influence 
upon and the relation to each other of the various organs of 
the mind. 

That Phrenologists have succeeded in obtaining many ac-» 
curate ideas, proved by the truly remarkable delineations of 

*Dr. Gall was born in Germany in 1758. His first studies were for the 
priesthood, which studies he afterward discontinued, entered a medical 
college, and was graduated a regular physician (and in Germany they 
educate theirphysicians). He afterward served as physician in ordinary 
to the Emperor. Dr. Gall named and located twenty-six faculties. 



8 MENTAL SCIENCE. 

the characters of entire strangers by some of the most expert 
practitioners, has been too often demonstrated to need com- 
ment, while the fact that there are many defects in the pres- 
ent theories and systems is noticeable from the generally 
mixed up conception in the minds of the multitude of 
"bumpology ""^ as Phrenology, and also in the reason that so 
important a factor as a reliable method of becoming ac- 
quainted with character, as this really is, would have been in 
more general use had its true principles been presented in a 
simple, accurate, and comprehensive manner. 

It would be foolish to claim that mind or human nature 
can not be studied otherwise than by the aid of Phrenology, 
for many valuable metaphysical works have been produced 
by writers who have ably and logically reasoned from effect 
to cause — i. e., from human actions to the probable motives 
that must have caused them — and the writers who are con- 
sidered the deepest thinkers of the ages (among others, Plato, 
Swedenborg, and later, Emerson, the "Sage of Concord") 
have each produced elaborate treatises on different branches 
of this subject; but the system of mental science that can ex- 
plain, as well as give a means of determining the relative size, 
and hence influence, in individuals, of the different desires 
and faculties which cause all the manifestations about which 
these great minds have been puzzled, must necessarily underlie 
all of their works, and that is what can be reasonably claimed 
for the system herein presented; and it may also be asserted 
that when this system has been carefully studied, and its 
principles comprehended, students will find the works of 
those writers far more easy to understand than they would 
be without this aid. 

A careful study of the different writings of noted mental 
and moral philosophers can not fail to further explain the 
principles or general truths hereinafter set forth, for they will 
be found to take up and explain various branches of this all- 
underlying subject; for the study of mind necessarily entails 
the study of all the manifestations of mind, as are found in 
every thing that bears the stamp of man's restless genius. 

* See " Bumps '' in Chapter VIII. 



ANIMAL AND SOCIAL NATURES. 



CHAPTER II. 

HOW HISTOEY PKOVES PHRENOLOaY. 

"The world exists for the education of each man. There is no age or 
state of society or mode of action in history to which there is not some- 
thing corresponding in his life. . . . He should see that he can live 
all history in his own person. . . . All history becomes subjective; 
in other words there is properly no history, only biography." — Emerson. 

Turning to history, we may almost see the growth of man's 
several natures, as well as faculties, in the progress of time. 
Especially is it seen in the earliest and most complete, and 
also what is considered the most accurate, of all ancient his- 
tories, the Bible, which seems to record the manifestations of 
mian's loftiest, as well as his lowest or animal sentiments — the 
former in individuals, the latter in races. 

The records of man in the antediluvian period, with rare 
exceptions of individual excellence, might be supposed to 
describe the actions of the highest race of animals designated 
as belonging to the brute creation, the animal wants, or the 
wants of the faculties hereinafter attributed to the animal na- 
ture, being gratified independent of all other considerations. 

Then came the growth of the social faculties, man seeking 
a single mate or partner (Conjugality), and gradually con- 
demning promiscuous sexual relations. With that partnership 
came the special love of and care and attention to offspring 
(Philoprogenitiveness) — which seemed formerly merely to be 
a temporary duty of the female, but now fulfilled and contin- 
ued through life by both sexes. It is of this era in which the 
record mentions how they gloried in, and considered them- 
selves blessed by, having " many sons and daughters." 

This love probably led to the banding together of the indi- 
viduals into tribes and races for protection, and resulted in 
the development of a new tie of affection (Friendship), also to 
the selection of a permanent residence or home (Inhabitative- 
ness), to which they afterward became as warmly attached as 



10 INTELLECTUAL GROWTH. 

to either wife, children, or friends, calling into action that ad- 
hesive or lasting frien dship ( Adhesiveness), which caused them 
to sacrifice every thing held dear, if necessary, for friends. 

This constant love of friends and home seems to be some- 
thing higher than mere animal love, and we find that such 
personal strifes as that of " Jacob and Esau " (unless as 
the representatives of divisions of people), receive less atten- 
tion, and instead, the strifes of tribes and races, and instances 
cited of lofty patriotism so inspiring individuals that at times 
life, wife, children, friends, all seem forgotten in the over- 
mastering devotion to '* my country," and the " land of my 
birth." 

Seemingly as aids in the protection of and provision for 
these new wants are developed " Secretiveness " (or the power 
to use strategy or practice slyness as an agent in self-preserva- 
tion, in connection with " Destructiveness" and " Combative- 
ness," the two faculties, classed among the "Animal" group, 
which give the destroying or executing, and the aggressive 
tendencies, thus adding discretion to valor), and ''Acquisitive- 
ness," the ability to secure and hoard some thing w^hich 
may prove a reserve fund in case of possible contingencies — 
such as w^ar, famine, or climatic severities. 

The growth or increase in the development of the intellect 
is going on all this time, as necessarily excited into continuous 
activity by these new desires. 

The senses, which give the perception of things through 
their numerous qualities, commence to search for more infor- 
mation to be employed by the utilizing faculties, " Calcu- 
lation " being necessary to determine the number of things 
necessary to supply the general wants, and to estimate when 
that number is secured, while " Constructiveness" conceives 
of different forms of arrangement in which they wdll best an- 
swer the required ends, the hand becoming skillful in model- 
ing according to such conceptions. 

As memory of events or occurrences (Eventuality), of locali- 
ties or places (Locality), of lapses of time connected with oc- 
currences and with sound (Time and Tune), and the associa- 
tion of sounds with objects (Language), so as to be better able 



EEASON. 11 

to describe that which is desired, and have increased powers 
of communication and expression, were all employed, we can 
realize the birth, growth, and extension of language, and the 
formation of history. 

The possession of a development, however slight, of each 
of the "Animal," "Social," and "Intellectual" faculties so far 
mentioned, by some of the higher grades of the brute crea- 
tion has been discovered, although there are but few instances 
in which they were all possessed and exercised together by a 
single specie; but when the above has been said, it may also 
be affirmed that there has been no further manifestations by 
them which can not be explained as the separate or combined 
action of those faculties, unless it is a slight tinge of " Caus- 
ality" and "Comparison " in dogs, which are considerably in 
and seem to enjoy the society of man — causality making them 
appreciate man's superiority, and comparison detecting some 
resemblances between individuals, thus being enabled to re- 
ceive impressions as to character — but it is extremely doubt- 
ful. The assertion has probably never been made that any 
one of the lower anim.als has ever shown signs that it was 
conscious of the incongruities which to us seem ridiculous, 
and so often broaden man's face with a smile or convulse 
him with laughter. 

"Wit" gives the perception of incongruities, "Causality," 
the power for deep and logical deductions from effect to 
cause, and " Comparison," the ability for comparative or anal- 
ogous reasoning, finding in one thing the key by which to ex- 
plain another. These seem to be attributes of man's higher na- 
tures — namely, his "Ambitious" and " Religious or ^Esthetic" 
sentiments — rather than of those hereinbefore described. 

If we admit that there is an incongruity, it follows that 
man must needs possess a sense of something signifying 
harmony, for if there was no appreciation of the existence of 
harmony there could be no power to detect incongruity, these 
terms having comparative meanings. A faculty, " Ideality," ap- 
pears to appreciate certain approaches to harmony, without 
the conception of a universal harmony which belongs to 
"Sublimity," and for the exercise or gratification of which 



12 BIRTH OF AHT AND POETRY^ 

latter faculty man seems to turn away from his own works to 
seek in the perfumes, the sunshine, and the zephyrs, amidst 
the ever-changing shades of light and shadow and varying 
colors of the dancing green leaves and swaying grass-blades 
and flowers, while being serenaded by Nature's grand orches- 
tra, the music resulting from the melodious concord of bird 
and insect voices, which appear to swell the chorus in a 
grander requiem than he can comprehend in its entirety, 
and must at present be content merely to enjoj^ Is it sur- 
prising that with these new conceptions should come a feel- 
ing of awe or fear, such as is probably the function of "Cau- 
tion"? 

I may seem to have digressed from my subject; but it was 
of the utmost importance to notice the development of these 
faculties, for with such development came the birth of art and 
poetry. 

The first works of art were mainly the formation of images, 
either entirely resembling the lower animals, or possessing 
partly human and partly animal characteristics; but it was 
not until the breath of inspiration was caught from the higher 
conception of the " Religious or Esthetic " faculties that we 
have an account of a really idealistic production, which has 
been handed down to us in the detailed description of the 
construction of the "Ark of the Covenant" under the super- 
vision of the world's first sage — Moses — which not only shows- 
artistic workmanship, but through its symbols flows into 
poetry. Thus it is seen that art, though first attempted by 
idol-worshipers, needed the higher conception of an invisible 
and all-ruling God to raise it to a superior degree of beauty 
and excellence. 

Whether it was through the perception of his own present 
incongruity with the highest in Nature (Wit), the spirit of 
inquiry as to whether things were as they should be and a 
wondering what every thing means and logical deductions 
for causes (Causality), and a resulting search through all forms 
and conditions for resemblances and explanations (Compari- 
son), as skeptics might believe to be the cause of the birth 
and growth of these higher natures ; or that the natural 



AMBITIOUS AND RELIGIOUS SENTEVIENTS. 13 

germination of the inherent and divinely-planted germs of a 
great desire to be something higher, something grander, and 
an inexplicable belief in a something higher and grander^ 
even an immortality of happiness — caused to be developed 
the above mentioned specially human or superior intellectual 
powers, to search for means of reaching or knowing more of 
such grandeur, as others are inclined to believe — it matters but 
little, for it arrives at the same end ; but past as well as pres- 
ent history leaves not the slightest doubt but that there have 
appeared individuals who believed in grand laws of right and 
justice (Conscientiousness), believed in their continued influ- 
ence through time and eternity (Firmness), believed that they 
were for themselves and their kindred specially (Self-esteem), 
and that all other people and nations should appreciate the 
fact of their individual greatness, and be submissive and pay 
their respects to or worship them accordingly (Approbative- 
ness), and showed a steady adherence to this belief, and pos- 
sessed a power of continued application to means for compell- 
ing such submission (Continuity) — for they stand out conspicu- 
ously, as well as that individuals with all these characteristics 
could also appreciate others' excellencies (Imitation *), had 
conceptions which seemed to stretch into infinitude (Spiritu- 
ality), feeling pity for and exercising charity toward those 
less favored (Benevolence), with a boundless hope or feeling 
of certainty that present life serves but as an avenue or gate- 
way to blessings and beauties untold (Hope), and believing 
that there is a great God, the designer of the universe, who is 
waiting with extended arms to welcome His struggling chil- 
dren when they have faithfully done their best toward pre- 
paring this earth and its inhabitants to serve a still inscruta- 
ble purpose (Veneration). 

Men possessed of large developments of one or two of these 
natures, with an intellectual ability and the necessary vitality 
to give them power, have committed deeds of oppression or 
achieved victories which have attracted the attention and 
dazzled the minds of the whole civilized race, making them 
wonder at or stand in awe of their prowess ; but the few who 
have had the " Social," "Ambitious," and the " Religious or 



14 PRESENT AND FUTURE. 

Esthetic" sentiments strongly developed and evenly bal- 
anced, with enough of the animal nature to sustain mighty 
efforts, although standing so entirely alone that they have had 
few or no followers to defend them when the most ignorant 
classes were stirred up through fear and jealousy to destroy 
them, have afterward been remembered and worshiped as 
Gods. 

Although each progressive epoch of history is marked by 
the development and influence of these different faculties in 
the human family as races, yet in our present advanced state 
of civilization separate individuals can be found who, as far 
as feeling or sentiment is concerned, are representative of the 
ruling characteristics of the different grades of history which 
have been noticed; but the majority of such individuals are 
capable of intellectually approving higher laws of justice and 
humanity than their inner nature, as at present developed, 
would have prompted them to adopt, and with the fear of the 
punishment entailed by our laws for the violation of certain 
principles, influencing them, are found to be not only law- 
abiding but industrious and hard-working, and hence valua- 
ble citizens. Being subjected for a few generations to the 
influences of education, and intermarrying with higher or op- 
positely developed persons, seems sufficient to raise such na- 
tures to the average development represented in this age. 

Whether any individual yet born has combined in himself 
an even and powerful development of all of these natures, in- 
cluding the "Animal" and "Intellectual," is extremely 
doubtful. Probably the world is yet at too infantile a stage 
of growth, and its inhabitants have not yet secured the 
knowledge which will probably be necessary to produce as 
well as nourish this child of the ages, whose coming has al- 
ready been pi^ophesied. 



KNOW OTHERS. 15 



CHAPTER III. 

BENEFITS OF PHKEXOLOGY. 

"I declare myself a hundred times more indebted to Phrenology than 
to all the metaphysical works I ever read. ... I look upon Phrenology 
as the guide to philosophy and the handmaid of Christianity. . . . 
Whoever disseminates true Phrenology is a true benefactor."— Horace 
Mann. 

Wherein the greatest benefits are derived from Phrenology 
would be hard to determine. They are undeniably reforma- 
toryj inasmuch as the better knowledge we have of the inner 
motives that prompt human actions, the less we are inclined 
to condemn, and the more to pity, aid, and encourage the 
unfortunate. 

*' Know thyself! " has long been used as a maxim proverbial 
of the most important of all knowledge; but is it more im- 
portant than to have a knowledge of your relation to your 
fellow-man, which can only be obtained when you understand 
your fellow-man by appreciating the motives which prompt 
his actions, which actions so often cause unnecessary misun^ 
derstandings? It is not even enough that one man can un* 
derstand others, but that they can in turn understand him, 
before a community can work, together with tolerable har- 
mony. There is no other single study which will aid in the 
securing of such knowledge as will Phrenology. If we could 
imagine a relevant flash of light traversing the earth and 
discovering to each person all the weaknesses of his charac- 
ter, would it not produce fearfully depressing results ? But 
the old world would rally and go on as before; and if another 
flash would come and reveal a certain mode of bettering ex- 
isting conditions, would they not afterward dance to a livelier 
strain ? These flashes are bound to and have come in the way 
of knowledge, and we turn to thank God who sends them. 

*' What good is a delineation and chart; do you think you 
know me better than I know myself?" is an oft-repeated 



16 CHOICE OF PURSUITS. 

question. In regard to the latter part of the inquiry we may 
emphatically assert that in nine cases out of ten we do. 
" Well, if you do, that will not help matters," may be replied. 
Your knowing yourself will help matters independent of its aid 
to self-improvement. Knowing that the leg of a chair is 
broken will not mend it, but it will be apt to aid you in sav- 
ing yourself from many serious bruises or mishaps that might 
otherwise occur. The same is true when you have a chart of 
your character. The chart, of itself, will not improve it, but 
it will warn you against bearing too heavily on weak points, 
and especially aid you to make intellectual allov^rances in the 
formation of your judgment of persons, instead of gauging 
other people's desires by your own desires (as we are bound to 
do until science teaches us better), or condemning them as 
''cranky" because they see differently through their mental 
windows than you do through yours, while your windows may 
be so small and narrow as to give you but a very limited view. 

As a means of self-improvement a chart and examination 
will direct you what class of studies will be most important 
toward producing a harmonious development of the intellect, 
and what steps to take to cultivate the sentiments, advising 
you how to make the most of your time if it is limited and 
you have general culture for your object. 

A person may tread under foot untold wealth which a 
slight hint would enable him to discover. It is most easy 
to find that which is positively known to be lost. 

It will prove valuable as a guide to choice of pursuit, for 
while a person with a harmoniously developed intellect and 
the necessary health and strength can be successful in almost 
any branch of business, trade, or profession, yet there are 
many necessary duties or details of some pursuits against 
which the inner natures or sentiments will constantly rebel, 
thus causing more or less unhappiness, which will not hold 
true in all pursuits, some of which will not only prove profita- 
ble, but will afford actual pleasure in their performance. 

Those who have certain dispositions and lack a harmoni- 
ously developed intellect can have explained to them why 
they would not be ^satisfied or contented in certain employ- 



TRAINING CHILDREN. 17 

ments, as well as that it would not be judicious for them to 
follow certain callings in the hope of meeting speedy finan- 
cial success (although an application to such branches might 
be the very thing to aid them in self improvement), for the 
reason that every-where competition is liable to be too fierce 
and wages too low for those to gain support who have not the 
advantages of immediate adaptability. 

Without hints or aids you may make mistakes which will 
be hard to remedy, for every business, trade, or profession has 
too many peculiarities and technicalities, of no value what- 
ever except in connection with it, to be learned in a hurry, 
and your first occupation is likely to be your permanent one, 

Undoubtedly the best method (if you are not independent) 
is to apply yourself to that which is likely to afford you the 
speediest pecuniary returns, and as soon as possible seek 
means to cultivate the faculties which will tend to produce a 
harmonious character, for whether you use intervening time 
between present hours of employment for such end, or devote 
your entire attention to its accomplishment after you have 
earned the leisure, no other labors will be so richly remuner- 
ated by blessings which may possibly be attained but which 
money can not buy. 

Those who have already a trade or profession, and desire to 
gradually work out of it into something more remunerative 
or satisfactory, may possibly receive valuable advise or sug- 
gestions. 

Of untold value is Phrenology as an aid in the treatment 
and culture of children. Different dispositions require differ- 
ent treatment, and that which is necessary to urge one child 
forward will impel another to constant rebellion, keeping ac- 
tive the worst faculties (or those which should be soothed or 
quieted instead of being irritated), and ultimately causing 
them to leave their homes, and probably be allured into any 
kind of excesses which will appear to offer momentary enjoy- 
ment. While some children should be urged onward in their 
studies, others should be taken from school and given duties 
which will gradually draw their mind from certain tenden- 
cies toward another or more practical acquirement, which will 



18 PAKTNER FOR LIFE. 

often save many trom an early death, and give to many others 
increased powers, not only for work but for enjoyment, which 
would not otherwise have fallen to their lot. 

Probably the greatest of all benefits to be derived from a 
knowledge of your own peculiarities of character, and a means 
of accurately determining the peculiarities of others' charac- 
ters, is the aid it renders in the selection of a " partner for 
life." It is no use talking otherwise than that there is no step. 
a person can take where a mistake is liable to be followed by 
so many evil consequences as the one that is so often made 
in marriage. That being the case, no info^jmation that tends 
to throw a lig'^t on this difficult problem will fail to be of in- 
finite value, not only to the members of the present genera- 
tion who shall give it proper thought, but those of the coming 
generations who may receive the benefits resulting from such 
thought by being well-born. 

At first thought, with some, it may seem a queer and un- 
natural idea to marry persons for the shape of their heads; 
but second thought will show that the shape of the head is 
merely studied as an index to character, and who will have 
the levity to ridicule the idea of loving and marrying a person 
for the noble traits of character? 

It is sure soon to become as common and seem as natural 
a practice to notice and even measure your sweetheart's 
head^ as it is now to notice the beauty, erect carriage, hand- 
some form, sweet temper, ability as a seamstress, cook, or 
housekeeper, of the female, and the steady habits and busi- 
ness capabilities of the male, as well as the prospects of either 
party in the " matter-of-money " (often pronounced " matri- 
mony"), with many or all of which attributes it is now the 
custom to adorn a beau-ideal, and then seek some favored in- 
dividual to resemble it. 

Many other points — such as to notice whether the one from 
whom you seek information can be relied on for accuracy, or 
as to what are the best characteristics to seek, to offset yours, 
in selecting abusiness partner — are of considerable importance. 

* There are other very important considerations beside shape of head- 
constitution, health, etc.— for remarks on which, see Chapters IX and X. 



THE SENSES. 19 



, CHAPTER IV. 

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

PERCEPTIYES AND MEMORY. 

" We have five senses : seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, and smelling. 
When we see, feel, taste, or smell things or hear sounds, we are said to 
perceive them. I drop a book upon the floor. A force, called gravitation, 
draws it toward the center of the earth. We can not perceive this force, 
but we are conscious of it— that is, we know such force must exist. We 
are conscious of many other things that we can not perceive, as love, 
hatred, joy, sotvow.''— Harvey' s Elementary Grammar. 

The above are really the first principles of mental science, 
and as these are almost universally known, I can think of no 
better plan than to build this structure of mental philosophy 
from the above simple and acknowledged foundation. 

The perception through the senses is the first manifestation 
of mind, and in the lowest forms of being not all of these are 
necessary agents for the sustenance of life — many of such 
lower forms being enabled to provide for their wants through 
the mere sense of feeling, and scientists have discovered that 
even plants are known to possess this sense of feeling and em- 
ploy it in securing nourishment. 

But my work lies not with the senses, but with the faculties 
which employ the impressions received through the senses for 
the gratification of the many wants of man, and to explain 
the nature of the wants or desires, which " we are conscious 
of" but " can not perceive." 

Physiologists have determined that each of the different 
parts of the tongue possesses the power of detecting only a 
single peculiarity of taste — sweetness, sourness, bitterness,, 
etc. — locating these parts, thus showing the allotment of sepa- 
rate duties to separate parts or organs. 

The duty of a Phrenologist is merely to show that the sense 
which is far more essential to the needs and enjoyments of man 



20 PERCEPTIVES. 

than to any of the lower animals — namely, sight — not only 
possesses different organs for the detection of the different 
qualities of a thing perceived by such sense, but that these or- 
gans are located in the skull, immediately above the eye, and 
their sizes can be determined by the shape or curve of the 
skull at this locality,"^ and the general length of the brain 
fiber from the brain-center forward to this region, the method 
for determining such length of fiber being carefully explained 
in detail on pages 41 and 45, to which the reader is referred. 

[While reading the descriptions contained in the three fol- 
lowing chapters, Drawing A, on page iv, should be frequently 
referred to, to find the location of the different faculties, and 
Drawing B, on page vi, to see the relative positions occupied 
by the several groups of faculties herein explained as consti- 
tuting or serving the different natures.] 

The qualities of an object detected by the organs so located 
are Form (1), Size (2), Weight (3), Color (4), and Order (5). 

A full development of " Form " gives the perception as well 
as memory of the forms of different objects — round, square, 
oval, etc. It causes breadth between the eyes.f 

A full development of the organ of *' Size" gives perception 
and memory of the sizes of different objects — large, small, etc. 

The faculty called " Weight" distinguishes and remembers 
the relation of objects to the perpendicular, and its activity 
is necessary to enable us to maintain our balance; it has been 
discovered to be remarkably developed in tight-rope walkers. 

The name " Weight" is liable to deceive by leaving the im- 
pression that through it we are enabled to judge of the weight 

*This point has been greatly disputed by physiologists who claim that 
the existence of a bony ridge and a cavity between the two plates of the 
skull at this point prevents such dicernment ; but this ridge and cavity 
present no obstacle, as they are natural formations of the skull, found in 
all adult heads, and the action of the brain does not extend a single plate 
of the skull but both plates alike, the skull retaining its natural forma- 
tion. The above fact has been conclusively demonstrated by expert Phre- 
nologists through the accuracy of their examinations in describing the 
relative power of the above-named organs in different individuals. 

i The cause of this faculty's producing breadth is supposed to be from a 
peculiar formation of the inside of the skull between the eye arches. 



INDIVIDUALITY. 21 

of an object with the eye, which ability is probably largely 
indebted to " Size" and " Calculation," after once the memory 
of a certain weight associated with or as belonging to a certain 
size or bulk of distinct materials has been cultivated. 

"Color" gives the perception and memory of the different 
shades or colors of an object or objects. That many show a 
weakness or lack of ability in this direction has been promi- 
nently brought to notice lately by accounts of railroad acci- 
dents, caused by employes being so deficient in this particular 
that they could not remember, and some could not even de- 
tect, the difference in the color of the signal-lights — color- 
blindness. 

"Order " perceives and remembers a certain order or existing 
relation. The function of " Form," Size," Weight," and "Color," 
as well as that of the senses of feeling, tasting, smelling, and 
hearing, seems to be to merely deal with the separate quali- 
ties of things with which their names show them to be asso- 
ciated, without a sense of the relation of these qualities to a 
thing or as constituting a thing, which detection of the rela- 
tion of such qualities as a thing, and probably of a certain re- 
lation existing between things themselves, is undoubtedly the 
function of " Order." 

Although the above-described faculties are classed under 
the head of " Memory" in the drawing, the description shows 
that they partake as well of the nature of the perceptives, and 
are often alluded to as such. 

" Individuality " (+) gives the memory of individual things, 
of which all qualities are attributes and constituents. When 
this faculty is fully developed it causes a prominence at or 
slightly above the point marked " 1 " in the drawing. This 
has been and probably may be spoken of as one of the per- 
ceptives, but it seems to partake solely of the nature, of mem 
ory. 

While this faculty may be spoken of as the memory of as- 
sociated qualities, there has been a set of faculties discovered 
which deal exclusively with associated ideas, or qualities and 
ideas combined, the analysis of which is a very difficult mat- 
ter. 



22 MEMORY. 

The faculties for the memory of associated ideas are named 
Eventuality (6), Locality (7), Time (8), Tune (9), and Lan- 
guage (10). 

" Eventuality" has been explained as the memory of events 
or history. A little thought will show that such memory of 
events must be made up from a number of associated impres- 
sions, first separately received through the senses, for such 
impressions are the result of an event, and when impressions 
or events are carefully described and commented on they be- 
come what is known as history. 

" Locality" is the memory of places or localities, which can 
only be remembered by their surroundings — the trees, houses, 
fences, etc., by their color, shape, height, positions, etc. This 
faculty has been found remarkably developed in travelers. 

"Time" has been described as being a sort of inner con- 
sciousness of lapses of time or duration, which is probably 
gauged by the regular heart-beat, the human time-keeper, but 
must be associated with forms or figures, as in dates ; or words, 
as in days and months ; or v/ith sounds, as in music, before it 
gives the ability to remember the same in such connections. 

"Tune" seems to be a faculty depending entirely on the 
sense of hearing. It gives the appreciation and memory of 
sound in various associations, one of which (with time) is mu- 
sic. This faculty does not necessarily give the ability to 
render vocal or instrumental music or remember tunes, those 
being the outcome of particular associations. The voice may 
be harsh, or the person with a good appreciation of sound and 
even tune may lack the necessary power of application, or be 
unable to remember or execute the necessary manipulations 
to produce instrumental music. While a fair development of 
this faculty is necessary for the musician, it has been found 
well developed in persons who do not show musical ability, 
but can remember and appreciate sounds. 

" Language" is dependent upon the memory of forms of let- 
ters, their association into words of various lengths, and the 
association of words into sentences, as well as the peculiar 
sound made in pronouncing, and the length of time taken in 
utterance. 



OTHER AIDS TO MEMORY. 23 

From this analysis it may be seen that this memory is closely 
allied to " Tune" and " Time," and greatly aided by " Form," 
" Size," and " Order," and although it is apparently located be- 
hind the eye (10) in drawing A, it is not supposed to lie below 
the perceptives, but that a peculiar formation of the brain 
above this region slightly presses the back part of the arch 
above the eye downward and outward, thus producing the 
full appearance of the eye which Dr. Gall invariably detected 
in his fellow-students who were distinguished for such mem- 
ory. This peculiarity first excited his curiosity in regard to 
the relation of the mind to the shape of the head. 

As the material collected and remembered by all of these 
organs is used as the basis from which deductions are made 
by the reasoning faculties, they, in turn, probably remember 
the different forms of such deductions. As the sentiments 
are gratified through the separate and combined action of the 
entire group of intellectual faculties, there is reason to believe 
that each of them performs a certain function of memory. 
The activity of a single faculty may indirectly have an 
exciting or awakening influence on the others. 



24 CALCULATION. 



CHAPTEK V. 

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

REASONING AND SEMI-INTELLECTUAL GROUPS. 

"We have no other faculties of perceiving or knowing any thing, divine 
or human, but by our five senses and our reason.— Peter Browne." — Web- 
ster's Dictionary. 

The faculties employed in reasoning or deducing are Calcu- 
lation (11), Constructiveness (12), Wit (13), Causality (14), and 
Comparison (15). 

*' Calculation " is a very important factor in directing human 
actions. It is rightly classed as one of the reasoning facul- 
ties, for it takes reason to determine that this balances that ; 
that a certain amount of energy is required for the taking of 
a single step; that one thing can be put with another and re- 
sult in something entirely different from either of the two 
composing factors; or, in other words, that two and two make 
four, and that four sticks attached to a board make a bench. 
This is one of the faculties ("Acquisitiveness," another), the 
true function of which seems to be almost forgotten on ac- 
count of being continually associated with certain representa- 
tive forms, objects, etc. (such as figures with "Calculation" 
and money with "Acquisitiveness"), but of which they are en- 
tirely independent. 

So misleading are these associations that George Combe, an 
enthusiastic advocate of Phrenology, and author of his popu- 
lar " Constitution of Man," seems to have erred in this par- 
ticular direction. He deplored his supposed entire deficiency of 
this faculty because he could not learn and remember the 
multiplication table. This ability lies entirely with the mem- 
ory, and has little or nothing to do with the act of calculating, 
that being performed in the application of such table in solv- 
ing problems or working examples. That " Calculation " may 



CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 25 

not have been one of his strongest faculties is admissible 
That he had and exercised a certain development of that 
faculty is evident from the manner in which he so carefully 
weighed and balanced the points presented in the above-men- 
tioned valuable and well-known work. A man can not take 
a step without calculation, and he may be a careful calculator, 
and even mathematician, without ever having employed a fig- 
ure in his life, dealing entirely with facts, Figures are merely 
used to stand for or designate things or facts. 

** Constructiveness " seems to partake much of the nature of 
"Calculation," exceptthat.it deals exclusively with complex 
forms and arrangements. This has been much associated 
with mechanism and building. While it is absolutely nec- 
essary in the use of mechanism and for the purposes of build- 
ing and constructing houses, etc., it should not be forgotten 
that these are only conceived ideas embodied in iron and wood 
by the skillful mechanic. The conception is independent of 
all forms, and may be expressed in wood, colors, words, etc. 

The special function of " Wit" seems to be to detect incon- 
gruities (as noticed on page 11). There must be a certain 
sense of harmony before there can be a sense of an incon- 
gruity, which implies a reasoning from one condition to an- 
other. "Wit " is found largely developed in wits or jokers, and 
in eminent artists as well. Jokers, as a rule, do not laugh more 
or as much as others, but seem to see and describe the ridic- 
ulous side of things to make others laugh. 

Volumes might be and probably are written on the subject 
of " Why We Laugh ? " — and yet, who knows ? We laugh at 
others mistakes, discovering that some one else or something 
is out of harmony, we, of course, being in harmony (for the 
time being, at least), which seems to make us feel "good " or 
"better," and we have to give vent to our ecstacy in laughter, 
as Addison reasoned in his Spectator; but that does not fill 
the entire bill by any means" There seems to be some thing 
in the mere meeting of acquaintances or loved ones provoca- 
tive of mirth, and such meeting can surely not always be a 
mistake. A harmonious development of all our natures, good 
digestion, general health and strength, and the proper exer- 



26 CAUSALITY, COMPARISON, 

cise of all of our various faculties seem to be essential to our 
enjoyment and happiness, and hence make us feel like laugh- 
ing. This manifestation can not well be attributed to a single 
faculty of '' Mirthfulness," as it has been. 

The special function of reasoning performed by " Causality," 
seems to be the abstract, or from effect to cause and from 
cause to effect, in an endeavor to satisfy the insatiable desire 
in man to know what every thing neans : implying an innate 
belief that every thing has a hidden meaning. 

" Comparison " has already been spoken of in Chapter II in 
connection with analogous reasoning and the study of human 
nature. It will be observed by those acquainted with the old 
system that I have omitted to mark in my drawing a supposed 
faculty called " Human Nature." The definition given of this 
faculty is that through it we possessed an intuitive and inex- 
plicable power of detecting or understanding human nature- 
It may be admitted that we have a special faculty for the ap. 
preciation of the special manifestations designated as human 
nature, as explained in the following chapter; but as there are 
no means of receiving impressions or of forming judgments 
except through our senses and reason, the above supposed 
inexplicable impressions can be explained as resulting from 
the combined activity of the memory and comparative reason. 
It is an acknowledged fact that like thoughts produce like ac- 
tions, like habits producing like people. This is observed in 
races as well as individuals. Certain resemblances between a 
stranger and some one formerly known may cause an impres- 
sion as to character — often accurate, sometimes erroneous. 

The Semi-Intellectual group embraces Acquisitiveness, Se- 
cretiveness, Caution, Ideality, and Sublimity. 

"Acquisitiveness " seems to give the ability to acquire and 
hold. It is apparently the working together of the animal 
nature and the intellect — intellect being necessary to get, and 
animal selfishness being necessary to retain. 

"Secretiveness " gives the inclination toward and power to 
employ policy or secrecy, so often necessary for the preserva- 
tion of self and those dependent on you. This faculty joins 
the animal nature with the social. 



IbEMI - INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 27 

" Caution " gives prudence or fear, and it joins or is located 
between the animal and ambitious natures, just where it 
would seem that a careful admonitor is necessary. 

" Ideality " gives the love of art, which seemingly is the 
product of a conception of certain harmonies. It joins the 
animal and the moral or aesthetic nature, probably the avenue 
through which man climbs away from animality into a new 
world of higher conceptions. 

" Sublimity " has been explained as giving a love for Na- 
ture. But what is it we see and love in Nature if it is not a 
general and universal harmony ? It is not one thing or im- 
pression she regales us with, but many, all forming parts of a 
" perfect whole." If we do not call it harmony how can we 
explain the feeling of enjoyment that is caused by the sway- 
ing trees, with their leaves dancing and their branches in 
swinging arches, the sparkling and glistening of the water, 
the babbling of the brook, with the delicious perfumes, and 
sensitive delight from the cooling and refreshing breezes, 
which fan the glow of health into our cheeks. 

This faculty joins the animal to the ambitious and the re- 
ligious or aesthetic faculties, and is joined by "Caution" to the 
social and by " Ideality " to the intellectual groups. 



28 ANIMAL. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE SENTIMENTS. 

*' Here is an attribute which, to say the least, has had an enormous in- 
fluence, . . . and is at present the life of numerous institutions, the 
stimulus of perpetual controversies, and the prompter of countless daily- 
actions. Any theory of things which takes no account of these attributes, 
must, then, be extremely defective."— -ETerfter^ Spencer on the Religious Sen- 
timents. 

As much as is claimed for the religious sentiments in the 
above purely scientific view can be said of the ambitious, so- 
cial, and animal sentiments or natures. History speaks too 
plainly in regard to each of their influences to leave any 
doubt as to their being distinct attributes of human nature. 

It may be left to the naturalists to determine the truth 
or falsity of the broad assertion that all forms of beings 
represent different phases of " arrested and progressive devel- 
opment," or that man has advanced in ages from and through 
lower animal forms up to his present excellence and superior- 
ity. But it is of the utmost importance in the study of man to 
realize that he has an animal nature, not differing perceptibly 
from that of the lower animals, and also to appreciate the 
truth of the statement that to become a " great man you must 
first be a good animal." *' There is a law of self-preservation, 
written by God Himself on the heart." It needs the ani- 
mal nature to fulfill it; but this, in turn, must be balanced by 
the other natures, and all of them directed by the intellect. 

The animal nature has five agents or faculties, each having 
a particular function to perform in the preservation of life. 
These faculties are Yitativeness, Alimentiveness, Destructive- 
ness, Combativeness, and Amativeness. 

" Yitativeness " gives the love of life, without which there 
could be no existence. 

"Alimentiveness" gives the love of food and drink, which is 
necessary for the sustenance of life. 



SOCIAL. 29 

**Destructiveness" gives the power to destroy or execute. 
Man could not destroy an insect or chop down a tree of the 
forest without this faculty. This faculty was first called 
" murder," because it was found largely developed in murder- 
ers, but subsequent investigation has shown that it is not 
generally larger in murderers than it is in our great men. The 
difference in the manifestations must result from a deficiency 
of the higher faculties in the former. Whether this faculty 
commits murder or organizes and runs sunday-schools or re- 
vival meetings depends entirely upon how it is balanced b]' 
the other faculties and directed by the intellect. It is more 
appropriately spoken of as '' Executiveness." 

" Combativeness " gives the aggressive or driving tendency 
but needs to be balanced by '' Destructiveness" to give great 
executive ability. Without such balancing it almost invaria- 
,bly causes a great waste of force. 

"Amativeness " gives the desire for and love of physical 
exercise. This is a different explanation of the function of 
this faculty than that generally given. There are many rea- 
sons to believe that the former explanation is altogether too 
narrow and limited. 

The faculties governing man's social nature are Conju- 
galit}^, Philoprogenitiveness, Friendship, Adhesiveness, and 
Inhabitativeness. 

" Conjugality '' is essentially the marriage tie, giving the love 
for a single mate or partner of the opposite sex. 

" Philoprogenitiveness" gives the love for children and pets. 

*' Friendship" gives the love of friends or society. 

"Adhesiveness " gives the lasting friendship. It differs from 
" Friendship " in that, while the latter may be satisfied with 
temporary friends as met in society, this gives an adhering or 
constant affection that can not be easily broken. 

" Inhabitativeness " gives the desire for and love of a home. 

As the composing faculties or agents for man's ambitious 
nature have been classed Continuity, Approbativeness, Self- 
esteem, Conscientiousness, and Firmness. 

"Continuity" gives ability for the steady and unremitting 
application which is necessary to achieve ambitious ends. 



30 AMBITIOUS AND RELIGIOUS. 

"Approbativeness " gives the desire for the respect and ad- 
miration of others. It differs from the social faculties in that 
they desire companionship, while this merely craves respect. 

" Self-esteem " gives the belief in self, and a desire to be 
" somebody." 

" Conscientiousness " gives a belief in a right and a wrong, 
i. e.^ in existing laws, the obedience to which is right, the vio- 
lation of which is wrong. The intellect is necessary to dis- 
cover these laws. 

" Firmness" gives an inclination to hold on or to work on 
long lines, necessarily implying a belief in length of time, un- 
doubtedly an eternity. 

As the faculties governing or acting as agents for man's >^- 
ligious or aesthetic nature are classed Imitation, Benevolence, 
Spirituality, Hope, and Veneration. 

*' Imitation " has been marked with a star in the drawing, 
also when previously mentioned in the body of the work, to 
call especial attention to the fact that it was found to be nec- 
essary to explain as the function of one faculty what had for- 
merly been allotted to three — " Human Nature," " Suavity," or 
"Agreeableness," and '' Imitation." "Agreeableness," the de- 
sire to be or act agreeably — also, blarneying — must necessarily 
be caused by an appreciation of human nature or be the result 
of acting or imitation. The latter could not be performed 
without the ability to recognize and remember the different 
and peculiar manifestations belonging to human nature. This 
ability has been explained in the previous chapter as result- 
ing from memory and higher comparison. 

" Imitation" seems to give the appreciation of as well as a 
desire and ability to emulate or imitate human nature ; or, 
in other words, that nature which is especially and solely hu- 
man, as distinguished from our animal nature (explained in 
Chapter II). 

" Benevolence " gives the feeling of pity or the inclination 
to exercise charity toward others. It, in front, balances self- 
esteem at the back, and they are necessarily counterparts in 
producing a harmonious character. 

"Spirituality" seems to give a belief in the supernatural or 
the existence of something beyond man's present ken. 



CHARACTER. 31 

*• Hope" seems to give a belief ia the certainty of a happier, 
brighter state of existence, some where and some time — if not 
in this world, then in another. It buoys us up in the present 
with promises for the future. 

" Veneration" gives a belief in a God or higher power, the 
designer and director of the universe — an all-wise and all- 
powerful ruler. 

The relative sizes of these groups, and of the different facul- 
ties in the groups, are what make the character. These 
groups are rightly termed the sentiments, for they seem to 
have no intelligence beyond gratifying their special desires. 
Unless they are controlled by a well informed and har- 
moniously developed intellect they are apt to first sway one 
way and then another, as outside influences shall aid or ex- 
cite the different natures. They are all selfish. The animal 
nature will sacrifice the rest to obtain its ends if it has the 
upper hand. The same is true of the social, ambitious, and the 
religious; and also of the intellectual. There may be great 
love and friendship without much ability to serve friends, 
great ambition without being able to discover proper means 
for accomplishing the desired ends, and the most devout re- 
ligious feeling without the power for doing good. 

" Conscientiousness " gives a sense of right and wrong, but 
if the intellect believes that its possesssor is in some way a su- 
perior being, and that others are inferior and born servants, 
he may conscientiously oppress and act toward them with the 
greatest tyranny. From this it will be seen that although 
character is of great importance, too much attention can not 
be given to education to see that true instead of false views 
are first inculcated in the mind. These first views are not 
often changed in after life. 

It must be supposed from the general existence of harmony 
and order, and the apparent prevalence of a great design, that 
in an evenly developed character each and every one of these 
faculties described individually, supports and is a necessary 
accompaniment to every other faculty, all working together 
without clashing and with excellent results. But the exactly 
opposite must be expected when any one of them is deficient, 
and the greater the number of deficiences the greater the 



32 ECCENTRICITIES. 

clashing : The Social faculties rush to excess ; Caution be- 
comes fear and constantly worries ; Acquisitiveness becomes 
miserly ; the intellect grows sharp and cynical ; Combative- 
ness continually barks and scolds; Self-esteem begets arro- 
gance and tyranny ; Benevolence is officious and a nuisance, 
always trying to help and doing nothing but hinder; Spiritu- 
ality and Hope excite to "wild-goose" chases; Veneration 
turns into a fanatic; Firmness manifests itself in mulishness, 
Secretiveness in trickery and deceit, and all rush pell-mell, 
hither and thither, and often exhaust all of the vitality, and 
sink their owner into a grave or render confinement in an 
asylum necessary. 

As very few characters are harmonious, one or more of the 
above experiences has and does fall to the lot of each individ- 
ual. The remarks on education in the following chapter 
should be carefully studied, although they do not pretend to 
do entire justice to that broad and important subject. 

For the language of a harmonious development turn to tha 
biographies of those whom we consider our really great men ; 
although you may discover two or three, or even a single 
weak faculty constantly tripping them up and causing appar- 
ent inconsistencies. For the language of a lack of harmonious 
development study the lives of the most ignorant and mis- 
erable races and individuals — for the causes may all be found 
in either mental or physical weaknesses or deficiencies. 

In speaking of deficiencies it is not meant to imply that a 
single individual of the human family is entirely deficient of the 
germs of any or all of these faculties and higher natures, ready 
to blossom into beauty when a few generations of favorable 
circumstances shall nourish them. If they lack these hu- 
man attributes or germs they can not longer be spoken of as 
human, for through these higher attributes only is man more 
than a brute. 

If any one should feel inclined to ask why these germs 
have been so long undeveloped in some while largely devel- 
oped in others, I know of no other reply than to point out to 
them how under favorable circumstances they were nourished 
in individuals, and that it was impossible for them to be de- 
veloped without favorable circumstances. 



CIRCUMSTANCES. 33 

This assertion may be considered extremely radical; but I 
invite individual self-analysis, and then ask if it is not true that 
each of us finds ourself on a certain stage in life with certain 
abilities, and surrounded by certain circumstances, without a 
knowledge of the years and generations of struggling, self- 
sacrificing, and inurement to hardships which created the 
present conditions or circumstances and placed us in them. 
Without searching into and analyzing these pre-existing 
occurrences or causes, we are inclined to consider our supe- 
riority to come from some special and probably unapproach- 
ble individual or family excellence. 

There can be no disputing but that favorable circumstances 
have produced great individual superiority, but for the capa- 
bility for such superior development search has to be made 
back to origin ; back through noble ancestry ; back of blue- 
blood and aristocracy ; back through a race of barbarians, to 
the primal formation, when the common parents of the whole 
human race first sprang upward from the dust of the earth 
under the inspiration of the breath of the Creator. Do any 
doubt this common origin ? If not, how can it be doubted 
that intervening causes must have produced our present su- 
periorities and inferiorities besides specially created or given 
excellence. What other causes are known except circum- 
stances and the knowledge they have imparted? 

You may ask "What has this to do with your subject?" 
Every thing when we wish to understand our relation to oth- 
ers ; every thing, when we speak of education, for experience 
through circumstances has been and still is the teacher ; and 
every thing when this fact teaches us to believe that not even 
the most debased are beyond the reach of the speedily-refin- 
ing influences of education and favorable circumstances. 

It is very probable that not an excess of one develop- 
ment, but the deficiency of many faculties necessary to ex- 
ert a balancing or directing influence on such already strong 
development, produce debasement. 

The causes that produced these excellencies are still exist- 
ing, and are rapidly becoming known. Through the dis- 
covery of such causes, and their application, genius is becom- 
ing more and more commonly manifested. 



34 KNOWLEDGE. 



CHAPTER YIL 

GENERAL EEMARKS. 

"It matters little whether a man be mathematically, or philologically, 
or artistically cultivated, so he be cultivated."— 6roe^/ie. 

In the chapter on "How History Prov^es Phrenology" I 
have endeavored to give a description of the growth and in- 
fluence of the various faculties as recorded in history, in the 
three chapters just preceding merely explaining as far as 
known to me the separate natural function or desire of each 
nature and faculty. Under this head I shall try to give 
hints as to methods for the cultivation of the faculties and na- 
tures; to explain the probable causes which produced the 
great diversities in the shapes of heads, and consequently in 
character ; and to treat on general laws regulating character. 

When we consider the question of education it is necessary 
to pay strict attention not only to one but to all of the factors 
and influences which have been and are still active agents in 
the progress of the human race. The most important of 
these are probably knowledge^ vitality^ and inheritance. The 
former is necessary to enable us to provide means for develop- 
ment. The second, vitality (which is used to designate health, 
strength, constitution, etc.), is indispensable to provide means 
for activity, and necessarily their growth. The third sig- 
nifies the transmission or the inheritance of such development 
from generation to generation. 

All knowledge must have been primarily received through 
the perceptives, and afterwards stored away in associated 
forms, as described in Chapter TIL All conceptions, as far 
as we are aware, are necessarily deductions from this knowl- 
edge by the reasoning or deducing faculties, explained in 
Chapter IV as being "Calculation," " Constructiveness," " Wit,'* 
" Causality," and " Comparison," the activity of which faculties 
was absolutely necessary for the gratification — and hence 
growth — of the sentiments. 



SECOND HAND KNOWLEDGE. 35 

If this is the case, then it is necessary to explain a means^ 
either natural or artificial, by which those who have not all 
of the perceptive and deducing faculties largely developed, 
have and show manifestations of a large development of the 
sentiments; also, to offer a reason why those with all of 
the perceptives and deducing faculties largely developed have 
not their proper share of the sentiments. 

Nature seems to have practiced her usual habit of economy 
and forethought when she furnished storehouses for the mem- 
ory of associated ideas. Man seems to have followed her ex- 
ample when he made letters and words to serve as signs by 
the use of which he could record these associated ideas, so as 
not to be compelled to depend entirely on his memory or 
again have to undergo the experiences which first led to their 
formation. These records are now found in our extensive 
libraries. After these impressions have once been received 
and recorded, it is easy enough to comprehend how the study 
of these ideas — second hand, so to speak — may feed or gratify 
the sentiments as easily as they would if they had been per- 
sonally obtained. Deductions may also be made from such 
recorded ideas and develop the deducing faculties without 
necessary personal investigation as to their accuracy. Study- 
ing and deducing entirelyfrom such is too widely practiced to 
need comment. 

This has many advantages and also many disadvantages, in- 
asmuch that unless these ideas, or knowledge (which may be 
either obtained from books or received from parents and in- 
structors), be used as suggestions to be immediately proved by 
personal investigation as far as possible, you not only risk the 
danger of imbibing false ideas, which may preclude or greatly 
cripple further intellectual growth — as well' as harmonious de- 
velopment of character — but render yourself a great deal 
more liable to forget what you have once learned. "When 
the perceptives are used there will be as many additional aids 
to the memory as there are qualities or separate ideas in the 
formation of such knowledge. The memory of any quality 
may serve to recall the whole event or other particular form 
in which ideas and qualities have been associated. 




36 GENIUS. 

Why people so soon forget what has been learned from 
books and instructors in comparison with the length of time 
they remember what they have learned from experience (often 
life-long) may be explained on this principle. 

To cultivate the memory, and especially the perceptives, 
special attention should be paid to each of the different quali- 
ties of objects. The most attention should be particularly paid 
to the peculiar quality your chart will show you to be most 
likely not to notice. 

If the perceptives are all well developed they produce a 
prominent ridge over the entire length of the eye, as there is 
an increased thickness of the skull in this region (see " sinus," 
drawing B, and explanation, page 42). It 
is fair to suppose that the brain fiber should 
be as long here as above, if normally devel- 
oped. One of the errors in the ideal head pre- 
sented by Fowler, Wells & Co., is caused by the 
failure to make allowance for this ridge, leav- 
ing it with a slight mental deformity, as per annexed cut. 

The development of the reasoning faculties depends largely 
upon the sentiments and upon the trade or profession which 
is followed (some of which employ all of them alike, and 
others which exercise a few of them specially). There is 
not one of them that can be picked out as performing a more 
important function than another. While great excellence 
in a single pursuit may be obtained with two or three of them 
particularly strong, the others are necessary to give business 
qualifications and round out the character for home or domes- 
tic responsibilities. This is very often ignored, although of the 
utmost importance for happiness. 

Genius has been shown by one sided men, but even more 
often by evenly dispositioned persons. The supposition 
held by some that people are one sided because of their gen- 
ius may justly be altered to the one that it is "because they 
do not possess genius enough," as Wordsworth expresses it. 

"Calculation" and " Constructiveness" seem to serve the 
animal and social needs; '' Wit," the artistic, poetic, and 
humerous; and " Causality" and " Comparison," the ambitious 



DEFICIENCIES. 37 

and religious or aesthetic. A fair development of each and all 
of them is indispensable in accurate analytical and logical 
reasoning. 

Law, philosophy, theology, medicine, chemistry, astronomy, 
mechanics — all sciences, trades, and professions — are, of 
course, but different forms of reasoning. A knowledge 
of the basis of facts, the line or principle of deduction from 
such facts, and the results, in their relation to utility or hap- 
piness, is all that is worth knowing. There is reason to be- 
lieve that any person having the different intellectual facul- 
ties well developed would be able to master or understand all 
these were they once systemized into a simple and comprehen- 
sive form (to which end decisive steps are now being taken). 
At the same time he may successfully follow a single trade or 
profession, for many of the principles are so closely allied 
that they can not fail to be valuable aids to each other. 
Such general study will act as a preventive against onesided- 
ness and bigotry. 

While the study of mathematics is valuable to cultivate 
"Calculation'' and " Constructiveness," yet it might be con- 
sidered an artificial means. The natural method is to con- 
tinually weigh or calculate upon the food eaten; its composi- 
tion and probable effects ; the quantity consumed and amount 
of force expended ; the amount of rest or sleep necessary to 
produce or continue certain conditions of feeling; what 
causes sickness, etc.; and to use the constructive power in con- 
triving ingenious methods of economizing force, strength, 
etc., so as to make all ends meet with mathematical accuracv, 
and produce an even, harmonious state of affairs. The other 
reasoning faculties may be cultivated by seeking means for 
the gratification of the higher sentiments. 

The exercise of each faculty is accompanied by a certain 
enjoyment and adds to our happiness. Those who have de- 
ficiencies, mental or physical, have so much less to keep them 
good natured. There is as much of a contrast between 
the lives of those who are harmoniously developed and others 
not so, as there is between the working of a machine which 
has every thing strong and taut and one that creaks and jars 



38 INHERITANCE. 

from loose screws and worn axles, although thejr may both 
turn out good work. 

The possessing and feeling that there is a "screw loose" 
some where, without knowing where it is, must be the cause 
of a great deal of our sorrow, discontentment, and jealousy. 
We are apt to blame and wreak vengeance on others for what 
our own development produces. 

To educate the deficient faculties or natures is extremely 
difficult. It generally requires constant and unremitting ap- 
plication to the very studies or exercises which are most dis- 
liked, although once developed they need only a limited 
amount of exercise, afford pleasure, and, with proper thought 
and attention and under favorable circumstances, are likely to 
be inherited by children. 

Human nature is prone to run in ruts. The struggles 
necessary to cultivate another nature or set of faculties than 
the ones which have once gained the supremacy is noticeable 
in history by the revolutionary wars which invariably accom- 
panied the progressive step of a nation, and by the private 
struggles of individuals in their own progress. A change 
of circumstances, or the reception of a new and not to be ban- 
ished idea often causes such progression. When once cul- 
tivaed, the faculties not only hold their own, but can be 
transferred to offspring on an equal footing with the others. 

This power of transmission or inheritance brings us to one 
of the most important, if not the most important subject which 
has yet been studied. Through the law of inheritance can be 
explained why there may be developments of the sentiments 
without the development of the intellect which was first and 
still remains (although artificial aids have been explained) 
necessary to their gratification and growth. It seems to be a 
law of generation that the most active and strongest faculties 
are inherited, with an inferior development of those which 
were not exercised for a length of time before conception, and 
probably of faculties previously over worked and exhausted. 

From this fact will be seen the importance for those who 
are thinking of becoming parents not to fail to be careful that 
all of the faculties and the constitution have been properly 



MARRIAGE ADAPTABILITY. 39 

exercised and are strong and vigorous, and under no consid- 
eration in an exhausted condition. It might be well to take 
special steps toward the exercise of a single weak faculty, with 
the view of doing as much as possible toward aiding its devel- 
opment in offspring (remarkable instances have been cited 
of the success of this venture). Care should be taken, how- 
ever, not to sacrifice too much for a single faculty, there being 
danger of depriving others of their needed exercise. 

Many books have been written on the subject of marriage 
adaptability and selection of mates. Some writers unquali- 
fiedly urge people to seek their opposites, Another ar- 
gues that there must be a similarity in disposition before there 
can be agreeable companionship, which supposition apparently 
has some grounds. Probably the most important guide would 
be to seek a harmoniously developed person, after which (as 
that article is very scarce), the opposites in character would 
likely prove most agreeable, provided the education had been 
similar. The children (without a thought for which no steps 
should be taken in this direction) would undoubtedly be better 
favored in this case than they could be if people with similar 
strong traits should unite, tending to transfer those faculties 
to children with ungovernable strength. Well developed, 
beautiful, and happy children, who have been given the 
opportunity to combine in themselves the strongest traits of 
both parents (and hence be superior in natural development 
to either, and should be treated accordingly) will form an- 
other bond of union. They may tend to reconcile them to 
each other's apparent eccentricities, and bring as much hap- 
piness to them as their natures are capable of receiving. 

For, after all, what can we think or feel but what our 
parents thought or felt — unless we inherit from each different 
traits, which join in us and produce new and often more har- 
monious results, to be again improved by education and better 
opportunities. 

The importance of vitality, its influence as a factor in pro- 
gression, and hints toward attention to and means for increas- 
ing such, is carefully treated on in Chapter X. 



40 STANDARD HEAD. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

PHRENOLOGY EXPLAINED. 

" Thou canst not wave thy staff in air, or dip thy paddle in the lake, "but 
it carves the bow of beauty there, and the ripples in rhymes the oar for- 
sake." . . . "Nature centers into balls, and her proud ephemerals, 
fast to surface and outside, scan the profile of a sphere."— J^'merson. 

I selected a spherically shaped head as a standard after 
first discovering, through extended and careful observations 
that a harmonious character v^as found to accompany a spheri- 
cally shaped head v^ith the axis and fullest development at 
the juncture of and along the region designated by the horizon- 
tal and perpendicular lines in dravring D, and the horizontal 
line in drawing C (hereinafter explained in detail), and that 
the truer the symmetry and balance forward and backward of 
the center-point designated in drawing D (the health-signs 
and constitutional strength proportionate) the more harmon- 
ious the character — as regards the proportions. The majority 
of heads, however, unless very small, are oblong. The suppo- 
sition that the width should equal the length is merely a the- 
ory based upon the fact that the present exceedingly low rate 
of mortality positively proves a universally great deficit of vi- 
tality, and necessarily of the animal faculties which are indis- 
pensable for producing vitality. Also, from the idea that 
Nature's omnipresent love of order, symmetry, and balance, as 
she manifests it by continually flowing into spheres, may yet 
be verified in the human head. In the meantime a standard 
is absolutely necessary , for the easy study of Phrenology, 
and the marking of charts by accurate measurements. 

The circumference of twenty-five inches was selected with 
the view of having a standard size large enough to embrace all 
normal developments. 

It may be asked, " how do you know your standard is a true 
one?" There is no way of proving it but for each person to 
investigate for themselves. It would be as impossible to 



BUMPS. 41 

prove it by words or explanations as it is why a laying hen has 
a red comb, and yet the farmer kyiows it is so. I am just as 
positive of the true proportions of my standard as regards sym- 
metry and balance, and of the strong plausibility as regards 
breadth. 

Hereafter will be given an hypothesis as a probable expla- 
nation of the physiological cause for the fullest development 
and axis or center-point of the head being slightly above the 
ear, when it is well known that the medulla oblongata (seated on 
the top of the spinal cord) is the center from which the brain 
radiates, and occupies a position half way between and exactly 
on aline with the openings of the ears — so that an instrument 
passed through the head through these openings would im- 
pinge its center. As this explanation would seem abstruse 
and uncalled for to many possible readers who have no dis- 
tinct idea of Phrenology except as a sort of " bumpology," it 
would only be fair to endeavor to enlighten them in this 
particular before going further. 

There is a class of readers and some teachers who are al- 
ways inquiring or talking about " bumps." Probably the best 
way to dispose of that class is to give them the name of 
" Bumj^ologists," for Phrenology is independent of bumps. 

The head may not have a bump on its surface (except the 
natural formations hereafter explained), but having the 
longest development back of the openings of the ears prove 
that in that region lies the most powerful and influential or- 
gans in the character. If the line diagonally backward 
and upward, or forward and upward, is proportionallj^ longest, 
the faculties occupying those regions are the most influential ; 
while if the line forward to the center of the lowest part of 
the forehead is longest, that the influence is with the intel- 
lectual development. If the head is low and broad the ani- 
mal nature is the most powerful. 

The Bumps 

that prove such sticklers to some physiologists, and especially 
to a certain class of devoted " dry bone inspectors," are all nat- 
ural formations of the skull (unless where the skull is worn 



42 DEPRESSIONS. 

by abnormal activity leaving different thicknesses, as below 
noticed). They occur in every head (children under twelve, 
excepted) and hence are easily allowed for. 

These formations are the occipital protuberance, d^ bony projec- 
tion found in the lowest part of the back head, and which is 
used for the attachment to the skull of the strong muscles of 
the body; the superciliary ridge, a bony ridge under the eye- 
brows and above the nose; the frontal sinus, a cavity between 
the two plates of the skull under this ridge ; the sutures of the 
skull, or the seams joining the different plates of the skull, 
and at which seams there is often deposited a surplus of bony 
material, causing irregularities; and a bony process immedi- 
ately behind the ear, which is hardly worth naming as it lies 
inside of all of the places marked in the drawing as represent- 
ing the location of any faculty. 

The activity and growth of the brain no more changes the 
natural formation or shape of the bone that incases it than 
the oyster does that of its shell in the process of growth. The 
organs merely extending the case — bony projections, cavities, 
and all as they were first made — although they may wear dif- 
ferent parts thin as well as extend them. An examination of 
a large collection of untenanted skulls proved to me, and will 
prove to others if they honestly desire to determine, that in 
every instance where the skull was worn thin, it was also 
broadened or extended in that region. This thinness probably 
resulted from an abnormal activity, the chemical action of 
the blood dissolving the bone more rapidly than it could re- 
construct it. 

Deficiencies of certain faculties do cause depressions and 
leave rounded protuberances; but these are not likely to as- 
sume the appearance of bumps, and especially not the pointed 
bumps resulting from the contusion of the head with hard 
substances. They also differ greatly in the fact that devel- 
opments are found to exist in both hemispheres of the brain 
in like position. Bumps, besides being pointed, have 
no corresponding elevation on the opposite side, and would 
have to be exceedingly large to make a difference in sizes. 

That much for " bumps," and now for the hypothesis ex- 



HYPOTHESIS — EXPLANATION. 43 

plaining why the axis or fullest development should be at the 
point hereinafter designated. This is followed by a detailed de- 
scription of how to study Phrenology and mark a chart, which 
will probably leave with many of those who will devote the 
necessary time to its study and comprehension, the first clear 
ideas they ever possessed of the true principles of Phrenology. 

Hypothesis. 

If the brain radiates from the medulla oblongata, which is 
directly on a line with the openings of the ears, a reason must 
be given why the axis or center of the sphere of the head has 
been located at a point above the ear in the drawings. This 
reason can be found in the fact that a portion of the space in 
the skull must be allotted to the brain governing the senses. 
It can not be otherwise than that the brain governing the 
senses — which are so closely allied to mere physical existence, 
and their strength and activity absolutely necessary for the 
gratification of the desires — must have a seat nearest and sur- 
rounding the brain center. Its necessary size, jiidging by 
the number and importance of the functions it directs, must 
cause the rest of the brain to be forced upward before it has 
room to spread or ramify in each direction from a common 
center point. The height of this point is probably regulated 
by the breadth of the head (hereinafter explained), as the 
senses (except sight) are most essential to the animal nature. 

Detailed Explanation. 

The following description has been arranged as an aid to 
students, as well as to show that the adoption of a standard 
has almost reduced Phrenology to a mathematical science. 
There is need for very little guess work when a pair of cali- 
pers (specially constructed for the purpose) and a tape-meas- 
ure can be obtained, and no careful Phrenologist will neglect 
their use. 

In making examinations first take a tape measurement 
around the head parallel with the lowest part of the forehead 
(see horizontal line in drawing C, next page). This meas- 
urement determines the circumference by which '' Size " is 
marked in the chart — always making allowance for size of the 



44 



PHRENOLOGY MADE EASY. 



DRAWING C. superciliary ridge and 

probable tbickness of 
tbe skull, from the 
apparent amount of 
bony material in the 
general make up — to 
be judged by the size 
of the bones and the 
prominence of the oc- 
cipital protuberance. 

Another method of 
ascertaining the rela- 
tive thickness of the 
skull is to lay the 
hand on a person's 
head while he is 
speaking — if the skull 
is very thin vibrations 
v^ill be distinctly felt. 
The development 
of the animal group is 
then ascertained by 
taking a caliper meas- 
urement of the breadth of the head above the ears at the 
point where the shortest line joins the longest or horizontal 
line (the axis) in drawing D, next page. The relative size of 
each faculty is to be determined as hereinafter described. 

The length of the head is caused by the intellectual group 
forward and the social group backward of the center point 
above mentioned. To ascertain their size the entire length 
must first be determined with the calipers. This can be done 
by placing the opposite ends of the calipers at the points 
designated by the two ends of the horizontal line in drawing 
D. Half of this length shows the size of either if they are bal- 
anced — by no means always the case, one of these groups often 
being several sizes larger than the other. This difference 
in relative length can be determined by finding the distances 
from the opening of the ear to each of the points before men- 




PHRENOLOGY MADE EASY. 



45 



tioned, and compar- DKAWENG D. 

ingthem; or by meas- 
uring from the center 
point to these ex- 
tremities. The latter 
requires the exercise 
of considerable care 
to keep the end of 
the calipers directly 
on the point, while 
the same end can be 
arrived at more easily 
by the other method. 

After the number 
of sizes in the differ- 
ence of length from 
this center point are 
found (which can be 
judged by the eye) 
they are to be added 
to or subtracted from 
one-half of the entire length before determined. 

The development of the ambitious and the religious or 
aesthetic groups are slightly more difficult to determine. 

By taking a tape measurement from the opening of one 
ear directly over the head to the opening of the other ear the 
general fullness of the top-head is ascertained. The great- 
est part of this fullness m\y be caused by either the upper 
groups or the lower group of faculties, according to their size. 
For instance, a narrow head might measure the same by this 
measurement as a broad head (one having height and the 
other breadth), and still represent entirely different char- 
acters. 

To avoid a mistake in this direction the breadth of the head 
should be taken into consideration, and one-half of an inch of 
fullness allowed for one-third of an inch (a size) in width, all 
of which will be carefully explained hereafter. 

In the standard (see short perpendicular line, above figure) 




46 



TABLE OF PROPORTIONS. 



I have estimated one-fourth of the entire diameter (or two 
inches for a head twenty-five inches in circumference and 
eight inches in diameter — the standard size) for the distance 
from the brain center to the radiating point above the brain 
governing the senses. This one-fourth, if the head was eight 
inches wide, would give four inches, two inches on each side. 
This, added to the eight inches of breadth, would give a cir- 
cumference of twelve inches over the top from ear opening 
to ear opening, independent of any of the higher faculties, 
which are all above the horizontal line in the drawings. A de- 
crease in breadth, it is fair to suppose, must necessarily be fol- 
lowed by a proportionate decrease in the height of the above 
mentioned brain. As two is one-fourth of eight, for every inch 
less in width there is one-fourth of an inch less in height on 
each side. This takes an inch and a half from the before 
mentioned circumference for every inch less of width, and still 
leaves a balance of the different groups similar to the pro- 
portions in the standard — only, a few sizes smaller. 

The sizes are arranged according to the circumference, No. 
8 representing the standard. As the diameter is about one- 
third of the circumference (without going further into frac- 
tions), the sizes determined by length and breadth decrease 
one-third of an inch to every inch of circumference. In com- 
paring the relative developments backward and forward of 
the center point, one-sixth of an inch is a size. 



Chart 
No. 


Circum- 
ference. 


Length. 


Width. 


Circumference over top of 

head from ear-opening to 

ear-opening. 


8 


25 in. 


8 


8 


16J 


7 


24 in. 


71 


71 


16 


6 


23 in. 


n 


7J 


15J 


5 


22 in. 


7 


7 


15 


4 


21 in. 


6| 


61 


14} 


3 


20 in. 


H 


6i 


14 


2 


19 in. 


6 


6 


13} 


1 


18 in. 


5| 


51 


13 





17 in. 


5J 


5J 


12} 



This table was prepared to show the relative measurements 
necessary to a harmonious development or complete balance 



MORE MEASUREMENTS. 47 

all around, supposing the rest of the head to be symmetrical. 
If it is not sj^mmetrical, the eye will serve as one guide 
and the hands as another, to determine what faculties fail to 
come up to the proportions. But for a far more reliable 
method of determining the comparitive size of the ambitious 
and the religious sentiments, as well as the size of the fac- 
ulties located along different lines, as hereafter explained, the 
calipers should be used. 

To determine the relative size of the ambitious and religious 
group (after their general size has been determined by the cir- 
cumference over the top head, etc., as before described), one 
of the ends of the calipers should be held in place at the point 
of juncture of the longest and shortest line, designated in 
drawing D. The other end is then carefully circled from the 
top point (designated by the star point in drawing B, page vi) 
backward and forward, exactly in the center of the head as 
regards width, over the region occupied by the faculties caus- 
ing those sentiments, as seen in the drawings. It may be ex- 
tended down to the frontal sinus in front and to the occipital 
protuberance behind — i. e., where the neck joins the skull — to 
find the comparative sizes of the faculties located along that 
entire line. By holding one end carefully at the top point 
before alluded to, and circling the lower end around one side 
or hemisphere, the comparative size of that range of organs 
may be determined. Another range of faculties can be ex- 
amined by placing one end of the calipers at the point desig- 
nated by the back end of the horizontal line in drawing D, 
and circling the other end over the top head. 

By comparing the widths of the head where the different 
faculties giving the animal nature are located, with the width 
at the part designated as the center point, which should be 
the most extended, their relative influence can be detected. 

After all these measurements have been taken, and the 
chart marked accordingly, a person with average abilities can 
estimate the size of the remaining faculties pretty correctly 
by an off-hand judgment. 

It must be remembered that although circumference is a 
measure of power if all other conditions are equal, those other 
conditions are so extremely important that frequently such 



48 * MEASURE OF POWER. 

ceases to indicate power. A full side and back head may cause 
large circumference, and at the same time fail to be accompa- 
nied by the intellectual power belonging to a head a size 
smaller, if the intellectual development be longer and more 
harmonious in the latter than in the former. If a good 
intellect is not strongly backed up by the other natures, it is 
not likely to show brilliant manifestations — on the principle 
that although there may be power, it will not be displayed 
without the prompting inspiration given by the sentiments. 

By careful study of the principles set forth in this chapter, a 
person with good mathematical ability, by the use of a tape 
measure and calipers,"^ if careful may learn to mark the chart 
in the following chapter with considerable accuracy. 

To be able to delineate character is far more difficult. 
In delineation it is not the strength of the faculties that is 
told, but the actions which will result from the varied influ- 
ence upon each other of both strong and weak faculties, un- 
der different circumstances. 

Small faculties — Self-esteem, for instance — are continually 
struggling for their share of power, and occasionally make 
themselves felt, like a small boy trying to maintain his rights 
against older ones ; but their struggles are soon quieted. In 
moments of great importance they are completely sacrificed. 

Probably the surest method for studying Phrenology is to 
first get a chart of your head marked according to the herein 
presented standard (and a delineation by a reliable Phre- 
nologist, if obtainable), and continually seek to explain your 
own actions as resulting from the combined influence of the 
intellect and the sentiments, consulting a reliable book of ref- 
ence (which I have endeavored to make of this) until you 
are perfectly familiar with the separate duty or function of 
each faculty. If a friend has a chart which you are allowed 
to consult, it will, of course, give you two subjects for study 
instead of one. P)etter still, if a class or society is formed 
and measuring instruments procured, its different members 
can be studied until the eye is trained — then the world full 
of people is your school-room. 

*If the author is addressed through the publishers he will endeavor to 
secure for students both calipers and tape measures at the lowest price. 



i 



OUTLIXE OF CHARACTER. 49 



CHAPTER IX. 

CHART— EXPLANATION. 

" I saw men go up and down, in the country and the town, with this 
tablet on their neck— judgment and a judge we see^.''— Emerson. 

The chart on the last two pages of this chapter will be found 
to be an honest judge, marked — not by guess work but — by- 
actual measurements, as described in the preceding chapter, 
and "" figv.res wont lie^^ 

The first three sizes (0, 1, 2) are for children's heads, while 
the remaining sizes are for adults'. Special faculties in 
children's heads may range with adults', and vice verso.. 

The SIZE is gauged by the circumference (see page 43), after 
allowance has been made for skull (see page 44). 

Quality is estimated by tiie smoothness of the skin, fine- 
ness of the hair, and general physical symmetry. 

Texture is marked according to the apparent compactness 
of the tissue and muscles. There is a necessary relation be- 
tween brain texture and physical texture. 

Vitality is judged by breadth of head, weight, health, and 
apparent constitutional strength, giving power of endurance. 

[The above points and the comparative strength of the differ- 
ent groups or natures are first marked as a general outline of 
the character, after which the strength of each faculty is noted.] 

For explanations of natures and separate faculties carefully 
study Chapters IT, IV, V, and VI. 

A certain constitution or amount of vitality is bequeathed 
to each with birth. How much advancement such birthright 
will enable us to make and what efforts to undergo in life 
there is probably no means of ascertaining. It may be af- 
firmed, though, that even the weakest constitution is asure to 
respond to and improve under intelligent and scientific care 
and attention, if you understand your weakest points. These 
are marked in chart according to the following health signs; 

The health signs are as follows : 

Lungs. — The nostrils are not only provided with a very fine 



50 HEALTH SIGNS — MALE VS. FEMALE. 

sieve of hair to prevent dirt from entering into the lungs, but 
also are so arranged that the temperature of the air inhaled 
is modified in its passage through them. If they are narrow 
and contracted, it is proof that the breathing has been done 
mostly through the mouth. This not only exposes the lungs 
to possible injury from floating particles of dirt and corrup- 
tion, but also brings them into almost direct contact with the 
air, which is extremely dangerous in cold weather. When an 
organ adapted for a special purpose is not so used, bad results 
are sure to be produced. Breathing should be done entirely 
throuh the nostrils while exercising to broaden them. 

Blood. — Eosy lips and cheeks, and clearness of complexion 
showthe condition of the blood. This is an important agent 
in development. Careful habits, exercise, and particular at- 
tention to the diet is necessary to regulate and purify it. 

Heart — A broad, full chin has been found to accompany 
a sound heart and strong pulse. Very careful exercise is nec- 
essary for its cultivation, if weak. 

Digestion. — Full cheeks are caused by a secretion of saliva 
therein, which is a necessary aid in digestion (see pages 58, 59). 
Carefully chewing each mouthful of food, and eating proper 
food (see three last pages of chapter X) will tend to increase 
the secretion of saliva, and hence fill out the cheek. This is 
as important to beauty as it is to excellent health. 

Breathing power. — High and broad cheek bones accompany a 
full, deep chest, giving strong breathing power. This can be 
cultivated by habitually inflating the lungs to their utmost 
depth or capacity. 

Male vs. Female. — Differing from most Phrenologists, and 
from many eminent thinkers, I see no reason for believing that 
there shouldhe any mental difference between man and woman, 
and hence mark the charts for both by the same standard. 

Realizing the bulk of prejudice against this side of the ques- 
tion it is, of course, worse than useless to stop and argue it in 
this work. At the same time a few words in defense of my 
position seem necessary. The following points may aflford 
food for thought for those who have not had time to study the 
question, or do not possess incurable prejudices. 

If any one claims that the male sex does to-day (and has as 



CHIEF DIFFERENCE — CAUSE. 51 

far back as history records) average a great intellectual and 
physical superiority over the female sex, and that the great- 
est genius yet displayed has been by man, it can not be de- 
nied. If they assert that because this has been so — it is 
therefore a proper and unalterable condition — the justice of 
such a supposition may be as justly ridiculed as it would be 
if made in regard to slave holding, or of might making right. 
These have been and are gradually being rejected, as disgust- 
ing relics of barbaric ages. 

The difference in sex has been used as the basis of long- 
winded arguments by numerous learned doctors. They 
have endeavored to prove that such difference necessitated a 
physical inferiority as regards' strength and endurance, and 
they may be right. It would be well for them, however, to give 
an explanation for the numerous instances in which women 
have shown wonderful strength and power of endurance — if it 
is a law of nature that they can not possess it. 

On the other hand, is there no plausibility in the theory 
that if one sex has been prevented — either by might or from 
the bias resulting from false ideas or customs — from securing 
high general culture, they w^ould grow weaker, and that such 
weakness (especially physical) would most likely fall to 
the child that inherited the sex. Also, that the false ideas 
and education which produced such differences may still 
still be actively at work in perpetuating them. 

That the inherited difference in ability is not so great as 
might be supposed is evident from the almost equal contests, 
both muscular and mental, between children up to the age 
when girls are first taught that it is unlady-like to romp out of 
doors, and she begins to shrink from the name of " tom-boy," 
and when boys are turned out of the house or set to manual 
work. In seminaries where they have been on the same foot- 
ing, women have held their own. If they have failed to 
prove equal in the long run — inheritance, education, and op- 
portunities — all alterable — are probable causes. 

It is not surroundings, but thought which causes develop- 
ment, and the love of home and children should be as influ- 
ential in inspiring man in his duties as it is to woman. 



52 



CHAET. 

[see table 0^ PAGE 46.] 



No 




17 


1 

18 


2 

19 


3 

20 


4 

21 


1 ^ 

1 ^ 

22 


6 
23 


•7 
24 


8 
25 




CiRCUMFEREXCE [in chesl 




] Size 




2. Quality 


'\ Texture .... 




4 Vitality 




5. AxiMAL Nature 


(\. Social Nature 




7. Ambitious Nature 


8 Religious Nature 




9. Intellectual Nature 


10. Individuality 


11 Form 




12 Size 












13 Welo-lit 




14 Color 




15 Order 




1 fi E VENTU iLIT Y 








17. Locality 








' 






18. Time 




















19 Tune 








.1 




































21. Calculation 




















22 Constructivencss ■ 




23 Wit 




— 


— 




— 














24 Cfiusalitv 






25 CoTnDarisnn ' 







CHART. 

[see table ox page 46.] 



53 



No 





1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 




CiRCUMFERFxrE finolipsl 


17 


1« 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 




A 1 1 ^K^ 


9f) Vttattvfxfs'=? 






















97 A ]i mPTiti VPT1P9<? .. 






















9^ lip^tynpti vpnP9^ 






















29 Corpbat,lvpnP5?s 




!10 Alimpntivpnps9 •.. ... 




31. COXJUGALITY 




















32 PhIlo"nroo"PnltIvpnp?<^ 






















.3.^ FripTK^qhin 




34. Adhesiveness 


^^ Tnlihliitflti vpnP9^ tftm- 












36 OoXTTXTJTTT 






















37 Self-esteem 






















38 An'nmhativpnp'^s , 






















39 Conscientiousness 
















40 Firmnpss 






















41 Tatttattox. 




42. T^pnpvolpnop * >• 






















43 Rni ritn Jilifv •< >.....< 






















44 Hone 


J 




4-^ VpnpratioTi ......... ^ 










































47 Blood 








48 Heart 






















4-Q Dinp'ifimi 




















iiO Tirpnf}ii'}in T*owpt 






















1 



54 HEAD AND BODY. 

CHAPTER X. 

CHAEACTER vs. HEALTH— HEALTH vs. FOOD. 

"In college I was taught all about the motions of the planets, as care- 
fully as though they would have been in danger of getting off the track 
if I had not known how to trace their orbits ; but about the conditions 
Indispensable to the healthful functions of my own body I was left in pro- 
found ignorance." — Horace Mann. 

No treatise on mental science is complete without due no- 
tice being taken of the influence of health in the manifesta- 
tion of character and ability. 

The most powerful steam engine or magnificent piece of 
mechanism ever constructed is valueless unless due provision 
has been made to furnish the proper motive or sustaining 
power to enable it to display the splendid effects of its excel- 
lent construction. The same is undeniably true of the 
most magnificent human attributes that ever gave harmonious 
shape to a head. 

A ten-horse power engine with a proper sized boiler will 
do as good if not better wo^k. than a twenty-horse power en- 
gine with a boiler only large enough for a ten-horse power 
engine. The same relation exists between the head and body 
as between the engine and boiler in this respect; but mate- 
rially differing in the fact that the engine has not the power 
to drain and weaken the boiler for its own activity which the 
brain has over the body. We all laugh at the ignorance of 
the man in the fable who killed the goose that laid the golden 
egg. At the same time the majority of us are acting on the 
same principle in our negligent ignorance in regard to physi- 
cal care and attention. 

What an old subject this is ! Why, it might be just to exhort 
you to respect and venerate it from its very age, as many do 
for old-time customs and institutions which are really useless 
and obsolete as far as real benefit is concerned. The most 
irreverent will probably not dare to affirm as mnch for this 



WHAT IS HEALTH. 55 

subject. After all, it is not length of time that will bring the 
corn crop to a harvest of golden ears, as much as it is the nec- 
essary care and attention accompanied by favorable weather 
or circumstances. Care and attention is what this subject 
has not had. 

Let us first endeavor to get a clear idea of w^hat health or 
vitality really is. Nine out of ten will consider themselves 
perfectly healthy if they do not have to stay in bed and be 
nursed. Many will consider themselves healthy if they 
can keep going with the occasional aid of medicine or stimu- 
lants, or both. But is this health? If not, ''how can we 
determine what health is?" may be justly asked. 

While I should by far prefer to be given *' something easy," 
consistency compels me to wrestle with this problem. 

There seems to be no single means of determining the true 
condition of health. The doctor looks at your tongue, and 
the phrenologist at the health signs in the face, and often 
closely approximate the true condition, but not always. The 
old adage about appearances being some times deceitful 
holds as true in regard to health as it does in regard to char- 
acter judged by physiognomy. For an additional aid to de- 
termine health, the manifestations must be studied for facts 
to form a basis from which further deductions can be made 
and a hypothesis formed. A hypothesis has been truthfully as- 
serted to be to the discovery of new truths what scaffolding is 
to a house — ^. e., absolutely necessary to its formation, but 
merely unnecessary lumber afterwards. 

It is said of a boy that unless he jumps over every post, 
slams every gate, jerks every pump-handle, and throws a stone 
or clod of dirt at every inoffensive looking dog he meets on 
his way to school, there is assuredly something the matter 
with him. This is another way of saying that certain mani- 
festations mean health, and health means certain manifesta- 
tions, in boys. There is no reason to believe that the same 
rule does not embrace both small boys and large boys, called 
men, for where is there one who is fully developed. 

Judging from manifestations it may be broadly affirmed 
that a sound constitution and good health will not only cause 



56 VITALITY. 

great activity, but will sustain and develop a large head. 
There appears no reason to believe that growth"^ and activity 
of brain will cease till death if these points are strong (suppos- 
ing the apex of human excellence not to have been previously 
arrived at), unless the intellect has been biased by erroneous 
ideas, incompatible with harmonious growth (commented on 
in Chapter VII). In this case the excess of vitality is sure to 
cause an excessive exercise of the faculties already developed 
— ^bound to end in some kind of sickness and disease, and 
often to cause insanity as a result of abnormal activity. 

If old age brings or has brought with it no such growth or 
manifestations, the above principles must explain the cause 
to be a deficiency of vitality. Whether that is mostly due 
from inheritence, or from your own ignorance and negligence, 
all must determine for themselves, although it may be posi- 
tively affirmed that all three were factors. 

Many may think themselves healthy because they have been 
enabled to jog along comfortably in an accustomed path, but 
a change of circumstances (always liable to occur from acci- 
dents or other causes), bringing with it prostration, as it so 
often does, may apprise them of how faint a support they had 
been leaning on. They may get a sort ol an idea of their 
true weakness by comparing the puny expenditure of force 
required in their small sphere of usefulness with that of many 
others, whose activity is enormous. The sole explanation- 
yet offered for this diflference is superiority in health and 
constitution, which are supposed to be both embraced in the 

word VITALITY. 

The necessity of a certain amount of exercise for the con- 
tinuance of health is almost universally acknowledged. A 
more important point than exercise, and without attention 
to which exercise is more hurtful than beneficial, has been 
generally overlooked. This is the proper care and atten- 
tion to the nutritive properties contained in the food eaten, 
and the action of the digestive acids on these properties in 
the forms they assume in the different articles of food. 

*A personal instance has been given me of the head increasing over 
an inch in circumference between the ages of twenty-sevQn and seventy. 



INSTINCT. 57 

Of course, if any of my readers are possessed of the inex- 
plicable belief that unaided instinct is a safe guide as to what 
we should eat, the following pages wdll have no interest to 
them. If they have a belief in it as a reliable guide, however, 
I beg them to explain why instinct has made such an appar- 
ently botched job of the affair as must have been necessary to 
leave us in our present half developed condition with an aver- 
age length of life but slightly exceeding thirty years. The 
lives of brutes have been estimated to be about five times 
that of man by a comparison of the length of existence after 
maturity with the time required to mature. 

What is instinct any way, that it should be an absolutely 
reliable guide ? It is explained as a blind consciousness di- 
recting us — but that leaves us where it found us as regards 
what it really is, as it hints at no cause or further explanation 
of this power. If it is a directing power it must be a process 
of reasoning, for reason alone directs. Then we must seek an 
explanation (for to seek to explain or to study is the only 
exit out of ignorance and superstition) why it differs in its 
incomprehensibly quick, fine, and insensible action (so rapid, 
so smooth, as to leave only the impression after the work is 
done) from the slow careful, labored efforts usually under- 
stood to be reasoning. 

For explanation it is necessary to revert back to the prin- 
ciple commented on in Chapter VIII, noted in the necessary 
struggling for development, and the ease and pleasure with 
which such is afterward exercised, and the law of inheritance, 
with the additional application of the principle emphasized in 
the well known adage : " practice makes perfect." We can then 
realize that a habit or custom practiced by a parent or parents 
through one or more generations, might be performed by an 
offspring unconsciously and with wonderful accuracy. This 
reasoning allows us to appreciate the strong plausibility of 
the definition presented by one of our greatest modern natur- 
alists, that instinct results from inherited development first 
cultivated by our parents. 

If this definition is true it will be seen that to find out how 
reliable your instinct may be a search will have to be made 



58 FOOD NOT DIGESTED. 

back through a few generations of ancestors to see that they 
have not cultivated some abnormal and injurious habit of eat- 
ing which they did not inherit, or even acquire early enough 
in life to have a biasing influence on their maturement ; but 
soon enough to transfer to you as an instinct a desire for some 
thing which may be so injurious as to make your whole life 
miserable. Such search would be far more difficult than to 
study and prove the truth of the laws and facts which I have 
hereinafter set forth. 

If the truth were summed up it would probably show that 
instinct has been used as a scape-goat by a class of people who 
have never thought much of the subject, and endeavored to 
hide their ignorance. 

It is a well known fact in regard to firing and heating that 
certain kinds of fuel are differently affected in combustion, 
producing various effects, as regards the time consumed in 
decomposition and the intensity of heat produced, different 
kinds of fuel being most valuable for different or peculiar pur- 
poses. All this is also true in regard to the fuel or food fed 
into the human furnace. 

Probably the most easily digested article of food in common 
use is sugar, into which starch is first converted by the chemi^ 
cal action of the saliva (secreted in the cheeks) in the process 
of digestion. The same material found in the forms of 
starch and sugar — which is pure carbon pr heating ma- 
terial — when in the form of fat or grease, partially if not 
wholly resists the action of such siliva. It has to pass in its 
natural form through the stomach, until it reaches what is 
known as the "second stomach." Here it is acted upon by 
the iiancreatic juices, and then digested, unless forced through 
the system too rapidly by its own weight or the weight of 
other articles of food, which is probably often the case. 

That much of the food eaten by many persons is not di- 
gested is self-evident from the fact that if it were all digested 
and assimilated every hearty eater would become exceedingly 
fleshy and corpulent — unless the supply is counterbalanced by 
the wastes, not liable unless engaged in exceedingly active 
mental or physical exercise. Many hearty eaters neither 
work hard nor increase in flesh. 



TWO AIDS TO DIGESTION. 59 

It may be seen that there are two aids to digestion (the saliva 
end pancreatic juices). They are both important agents in 
the digestion of different articles of food. 

From the nature of greasy foods it seems that they are bet- 
ter adapted (if not in too large pieces) to pass easily through 
the system to the second stomach than starchy articles. The 
latter may prove to be irritating to the delicate membranes 
of the stomach unless thoroughly saturated by the saliva — in 
which latter condition they are more rapidly digested than 
greasy foods can possibly be, as is apparent. 

Thus habits which tend to exhaust the saliva necessary for 
the digestion (as tobacco chewing, and even gum chewing, if 
the saliva secreted is not exceedingly abundant), may possi- 
bly, on the above principle, indirectly produce very dangerous 
results. This may also hold true when the food is swallowed 
too hastily or washed down by water, either from a cup or 
from being previously mixed with the food in such proportions 
as not to need the motion of the jaws (necessary to cause an 
abundant flow of saliva, which also retains it in the mouth and 
gives the saliva time for action), as it is in soups and mushes. 
These should not be eaten except with some hard substances — 
dry bread or crusts. Carlyle probably suffered, with the dys- 
pepsia not only while hut from eating oat-meal and milk, while 
others were more fortunate. 

The table below shows the various nutritive properties of 
some of our most common articles of food. It is generally 
agreed upon by those who have experimented that the wheat 
grain (Graham flour) is the best proportioned (as well as one 
of the most easily digested — as are all flours) food for genera] 
health, and that it will sustain a great amount of physical and 
mental exertion. This fact renders it very valuable as a 
standard by which to judge the value of the other articles of 
food. It is evident that the food should be selected according 
to the demands and wastes (as well as to thej)ower for digest- 
ing). The physical man should never be slighted, 

As to pepper, vinegar, tobacco, and all fermented liquids or 
foods which are so composed as to seem naturally repugnant 
either in taste or smell, although a desire for such may be cul- 



60 



NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES IN FOOD. 



tivated, they should be avoided if on no other grounds than 
that they may destroy the relish for plain, substantial foods 
(which can be and are made sweet and appetizing to the nor- 
mal palate). It has been ascertained, however, that all of them 
are otherwise more or less injurious. Fermentation in liquids 
is probably analagous to decay and rottenness in solids. 

There is hardly any of the modes of preparing white flour 
which are not applicable to Graham flour. A meal on bread 
and butter, if pure Graham is used, is equivalent to a hearty 
and subsantial repast. If white flour is used it is a trashy 
(in spite of being aesthetic) one, not only being devoid of brain 
and muscle making elements, but also tending to produce 
biliousness, constipation, and other complaints, both through 
its superabundance of saccharine matter and its absence of 
waste particles necessary to keep the system clean and active. 

Cofiee and tea are apt to cause constipation and nervous- 
ness. An excellent substitute is hot water with milk and sugar. 



Articles of Food. 



Graham flour 

White flour , 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Barley 

Northern corn 

Southern corn 

Buckwheat 

Beans 

Peas 

Rice 

Potatoes 

Sweet Potatoes 

Turnips. 

Cabbage 

Parsnips.... 

Carrots 

Apples 

Kggs 

Cheese 

Butter. 

Cow-milk 

Human-milk 

Oysters 

Fresh Fish (average). 

Mutton (lean) '. 

Beef ♦' 

Pork *' 

Chicken 



Heat 


Muscle- 


Brain 


^fat. 


making 


& bone 


69 8 


15.0 


1.6 


100.0 






66.4 


17.0 


3.6 


71 5 


13.8 


1.7 


69.5 


17.0 


3.5 


73.0 


12.0 


1.0 


45.0 


35.0 


4.0 


75.4 


8.6 


1.8 


57.7 


24.0 


3.5 


60.0 


23.4 


2.5 


79.5 


6.5 


.5 


22.5 


1.4 


.9 


26.5 


1.5 


2.9 


4.0 


1.1 


.5 


5.0 


4.0 


1.0 


7.0 


1.2 


1.0 


6.6 


.6 


1.0 


10.0 


5.0 


10 


29.0 


23. 6 


.5 


19.0 


65.0 


7.0 


100.0 






8.0 


5 


i.6 


7.0 


3.0 


.5 




10.0 


2.0 


.5 


17.0 


5.0 


40.0 


12.5 


3.5 


30.0 


15.0 


5.0 


50.0 


10.0 


1.5 


25 


20.0 


4.5 



Water 
& waste 



13.6 

13.6 
13.0 
10.0 
14.0 
16.0 
14.2 
14.8 
14.1 
13.5 
75.2 
59.1 
94.4 
90.0 
90.8 
91.8 
84.0 
3S.0 
9 

86 "O 
89.5 
88 
77 5 
44.0 
50.0 
38.5 
50.5 



Beer and alcoholic liquors. Fat and heat making. 



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